现在完成时&被动语态小结和专项练习

现在完成时（The present perfect tense）的用法小结

一、构成：助动词have / has＋p.p（动词的过去分词）

二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去，又联系现在。用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与just（刚刚），already（已经），never（从来没有），ever（曾经），before（以前），yet（仍然），once（一次），twice（两次），many times（很多次），how many times（多少次），so far（迄今为止），during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用。

※ 副词的位置：

①just常用于肯定句中，放在have / has后，He has just come .

②never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.

③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词？“ 曾经 过吗？”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm？

④before用于句末，The woman has never heard of that before.

⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.

⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.

⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.

① for＋表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。

② since＋表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986.

③ since＋表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born.

④ since＋一段时间＋ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.

三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for，since，how long, all one’s life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词，即延续性动词。如：be，have，know，live，work，study，learn，teach，keep，speak，talk，draw，wait，wear，walk，sleep，drive，write，do，clean等。

I a teacher 四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用。如this morning，today，this week，these days

He has been to Beijing three times He wrote two letters （说话时间在下午或晚上）

五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”，常见的有：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，open，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up，become，borrow，lend，find，finish，receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时，说明某个动作的结果还存在，但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long，for，since）连用。

He has come back.（√）He has come back .（×）

※ 但在否定句中，非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰，如

I haven’t heard from my father for a long time. We haven’t seen him since 1999.

六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long，since，for， all one’s life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:

（1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.

He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back （正）

I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为:I lost my bike（正）

（2）用“It is / has been＋时间＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。

He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League.

I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）

He has died for 20 years. （错）It is 20 years since he died. （正）

（3）用“时间＋has passed＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写。

He has left home for 20 years. 改为:Twenty years has passed since he left home.

He has lost his pen for 2 days. 改为:Two days has passed since he lost his pen.

（4）用系表结构来改写.

He has died for 20 years. 改为: He for 20 years.

The factory has opened since 1999. 改为:The factoryHow long has he left? 改为:How long has he ?

（5）用相应的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。

He has bought the book for two weeks. 改为:He 常见的相应转换形式如下:

borrow / lend→keep, buy→have, finish / end→be over, arrive /come / go / move / reach /get to→be in /at / be here /be there, begin / start→be on , open→be open , close→be closed, die→be dead , leave→be away（from）,go to school→

be in school / be a student, get up→be up, fall asleep→be asleep , fall ill→be ill, get to know→know, lose→be lost, become→be, return / come back / get back→be back, join→be in / be a member, join the army→be in the army /be a soldier, receive / get a letter→have a letter , catch / get a cold→have a cold, begin to study→study,

他参军已有三年.He has joined the army for three years.（错）改为:

He He for three years / since three years ago.

He joined the army three years ago.

It is three years since he joined the army.

Three years has passed since he joined the army.

七、如何通过与一般过去时做比较,进一步掌握现在完成时?

一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都发生在过去,但意义却不同.

（1一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生关系。

现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响,强调的是现在。

如:I learned ten English songs（说明过去学过,现在是否记得,不是本句的内容）

I ten English songs.（learn发生在过去,但强调我现在懂英语歌曲）

I （只说明“擦”和其发生的时间 …… 此处隐藏：16560字，全部文档内容请下载后查看。喜欢就下载吧 ……